Techniques for heating with tires?

[emlaurent]

Hello,

Do you know techniques for heating with tires?

Of course I am not talking about burning tires in a boiler which is highly polluting and surely prohibited !!

Have you already implemented methods such as gasification, pyrolysis, or other ...?
I read some industrial manips for the treatment of tires. Are there any techniques that can be done on a more "amateur" scale?
thanks for sharing

[chatelot16]

there is nothing to invent to burn tires! it heats well ... it is to avoid pollution that it is more complicated

I asked the question on different forum without ever an interesting response

without ever answering the exact danger

we mention the presence of sulfur for the vulcanization of rubber: when it burns it ends in SO2, then in sulfuric acid, but that's not all

I also think of zinc oxide, which serves as a filler to make the rubber more resistant to wear: I think that this zinc oxide is responsible for the abundant smoke

zinc oxide is not considered as a toxic product, as zinc white for painting, or as anti UV product for sunscreen

but when we weld galvanized iron we consider the smoke as toxic because of zinc oxide!

practically when you burn tires it's too much smoke to process: I prefer the gasifier

you can run a gasifier with a mixture of wood and tire, with a good gasifier gas cleaning system: then the combustion of the gas is clean

it's very complicated just for heating: big advantage, there is better to do than heating: run a generator engine on gas, and also recover heat ... cogeneration

it's been a long time since I've been accumulating ideas on gas generators

the purification of the gasifier gas is easier than the purification of the smoke: for example for sulfuric acid, with lime ... it is not possible to use lime to purify the smoke because that will absorb all the carbon dioxide! it would take huge amounts of lime .... in the gasifier gas there is no C02 so a reduced amount of lime is enough

if the gasifier burns wood, there is a lot of potash in the ash which can also be used to absorb acids

I do not hope too much to pass pure tires there, but a mixture of wood and tire

[chatelot16]

you should not see the tires for a simple heating: it is better to burn good wood

rather it’s a big gas plant that can burn a mixture of wood and tire effectively

[Flytox]

http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pneumatiqu ... 9hicule%29

Health and environmental impacts

One of the problems posed by tires is their end of life or recycling.
Some 2 million tires were dumped off the coast of Fort Lauderdale, Florida in the 1970s. This operation was presented as an experimental artificial reef. It was a failure. Tires contain toxic molecules including cadmium, carbon black little appreciated by marine or estuarine organisms2. In addition, during storms, the reef is destabilized. Three decades later, military divers began to remove the tires (this operation is considered a training exercise for them) 3
Banks made up of tires, factor of artificialization and pollution

If the technical improvement of tires has undeniably improved safety and slowed down the increase in fuel consumption by road vehicles and therefore certain polluting emissions, tires are also an important source of pollution and perhaps allergens (awareness latex and related molecules seems to be more and more frequent, with worsening of asthma or possible contact allergies (contact dermatitis) 4,5.

Natural or synthetic rubber must be made more rigid, more stable to ultraviolet rays, resistant to heat, deformation and road salt. This is made possible by the integration of a metal mesh, and by the addition of various "fillers" and additives (including metals and carbon black) to the rubber. These additives are often ecotoxic and toxic, even very toxic (eg: cadmium, zinc). Selenium could be a problem6. Carbon black is proven carcinogenic in laboratory animals and suspected to be carcinogenic in humans 7 and 90% of its use worldwide is in the form of filler in rubber, mainly for the production of tires7. It is produced and used in very small particles (50—600 nm) or agglomerates (227 μm on average) 7. During their production process, many of these particles have adsorbed organic molecules of the PAH type 7. Exposed workers to carbon black have an increased risk of lung cancer8,9, but no dose-effect relationship has been shown and a German study did not show an increased risk of cancer in workers factory exhibits 10.

A first problem is that the tires wear and gradually lose their material on the roads. The cadmium and zinc they contain and other components contribute to road pollution.

At the end of their life, used tires that are abandoned or landfilled become very little biodegradable waste.

The rich countries produce considerable quantities (around 285 million / year, just for the United States 11). They are a source of pollution and a potential source of serious fires, difficult to extinguish and producing toxic fumes. Many tires are reused to attach tarpaulins, such as car bumper barriers or for boats.

When used tires are stacked in the open air, they also provide a popular habitat for rats and mosquitoes, locally susceptible to carrying viruses such as chikungunya; the black tire heats up in the sun, and is waterproof enough to hold up to several liters of water the time necessary for the growth and hatching of mosquito larvae.

In France, abandonment in nature as well as burning in the open air are prohibited, and manufacturers (or importers) must proceed to the removal and treatment of used tires, but these texts did not concern the stocks of '' before 2004 (114 depots of around 240 tonnes of tires). On February 000, 20, an interprofessional agreement signed by the entire tire industry under the aegis of Nathalie Kosciusko-Morizet allows the evacuation and recovery (in 2008 to 6 years, at an estimated cost of 8 million euros) of 7 tonnes of tires still to be processed in France.


Thermal end-of-life

Burning tires, provided that the energy produced is recovered is one of the most used solutions. But it is also a major pollution if this combustion is carried out in the open air or without a sophisticated particle filtration system and washing of the gases and fumes emitted.

Some cement factories, for example, burn shredded tires and have equipped their ovens with smoke treatment systems, thus using tires as an alternative fuel since the 1970s.

In 1991, only 25,9 million (10,7% of the total) had been cremated11. In most cases, the tires must be stored, transported, processed (loose, shredded and shredded), which is also a source of other pollution. According to the EPA; when burned, the ground tire releases the same amount of energy (heat) as petroleum, and 25% more than coal, but the ash and filtration residues produced must be treated and eliminated as toxic waste, although they contain sometimes less of certain metals than the ash of certain coals. The fumes contain less NOx and sulfur than those produced by many American coals, in particular with a high sulfur content. The Agency supports the responsible use of tires in Portland cement kilns and other industrial facilities, on 3 conditions: have a tire storage and handling plan; obtain a federal license and be in compliance with all the requirements of that license.

For example, in the United States in 2003, out of more than 290 million used tires produced in the year, nearly 100 million were recycled into new products and 130 million were reused as TDF fuel in various facilities industrial, or approximately 45% of all used tires of the year.


Recycling, reuse, etc.

Retreading is possible, very frequent for aircraft tires and common in some countries for truck tires and large construction machinery (it produces tires 40% cheaper). However, the complete recycling of scrap and rubber requires organized supply chains and sophisticated equipment. The burning of tires in the open air or elsewhere than in a specialized incinerator is prohibited in most countries. There are many tire dumps around the world that pose safety concerns.

One technique consists in making aggregates to integrate into synthetic lawns on football fields, for example12.

Large tire-based artificial reefs have been tested in the United States. It was a complete failure, due to the toxicity of the materials, and the fact that this type of reef is easily destabilized or even swept away during storms.

Today there are new techniques such as the creation of road embankments, artificial turf, coverings for playgrounds or sports grounds, underground tanks or dikes, causeways (controversial use13), from pieces of crushed tires, cleared of their reinforcement, washed of their main toxic substances and transformed into powder. A study sought to evaluate the possibility of using used tires as a cushion system reducing the severity of certain accidents, at low cost, reusable shock absorbers ”14. Some protection applications have been tested, as is the the “Pneusol” process, implemented to protect the Amphitria treatment plant from falling rocks. Cut into large strips assembled by solid cables crossing the middle of the strips, we obtain very heavy covers used during blasting avoiding projections of debris when they are placed on the rock to be fractured.

The use of tire chips for landscaping, sports facilities or play areas for children, as an improvement to artificial lawns or as a subsoil amendment (including in inhabited areas15) or soil16 quickly became controversial, in reason for leaching (release into water) proven17,18 of toxic metals19,20,21 and other pollutants (organic) from tire fragments.

In the 2000s in the United States, approximately 80% of used tires (approximately 233 million tires) were "recycled" per year (8 times more than in 199022). According to the Rubber Manufacturers Association, nearly 290 million tires were generated in the United States in 2003. Of these, more than 28 million tires in 2003 (almost 10% of used tires) were used to make substrates playgrounds and other sports surfaces or "flexible asphalt" (binder or coated with bitumen modified by integration of rubber, which uses a formula invented more than a century ago (1840) with a mixture latex-bitume23, whose formulation was improved in 1960 by Mc Donald, in the United States, but which was then still too expensive to be used on medium or large scale). In the 2000s, depending on the case, the rubber crumb is also used in the ground or basement, or - possibly colored - integrated into the surface layer (jogging or running track, or playground for example) .

Zinc constitutes up to 2% by weight of the tire, a rate sufficient to be highly toxic to aquatic, marine or freshwater organisms and plants 24,5,25. There is evidence that some of the toxic compounds in the tire pass into water, some of which are endocrine disruptors or cause liver damage26.
Some laboratory studies27 have shown toxic effects in vitro or in the laboratory on different animal species28, but the overall toxicity has long-term and low-dose particles from tire wear, or from the rubber crumb used for the arrangements for games, sports and traffic do not seem to have been studied. The fact that algae, lichens, fungi and plants do not grow or do not grow very well in contact with used tires29, even old tires, even under water, suggests that they have biocidal properties. Another fact goes in this direction: plants do not grow beyond a certain proportion of rubber powder in the soil or in substrates of the artificial grass type containing it5.