It smells like nuclear end ... in Belgium!
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There are plenty of ways to degrade steel with hydrogen. Example, during the production of steel, at the level of molten metal and "close" temperatures, the diffusion of hydrogen into the metal is much easier. This hydrogen can come from water during hot rolling (cooling of transport units) etc ... When the temperature drops, the solubility of hydrogen drops drastically ... and problems appear there or 'hydrogen is concentrated (welds, blowholes, etc.)
http://www.techniques-ingenieur.fr/base ... tion-m175/
http://www.techniques-ingenieur.fr/base ... tion-m175/
Hydrogen embrittlement of steels, often referred to as FPH, is one of the major causes of parts failure in the industry. The often brutal nature of the ruptures and the human and economic consequences that could result from them have been at the origin of numerous studies and publications on this subject since the first demonstration of the phenomenon, more than a century ago.
The situations which can lead to FPH phenomena are numerous and diverse:
introduction of hydrogen into the material during preparation or during processing and implementation operations (heat treatments, welding);
use of steels in the presence of hydrogen or hydrogenated gas mixtures;
hydrogen produced by electrolytic reactions (surface treatments, cathodic protection);
hydrogen from corrosion reactions (aqueous environments).
The embrittlement by hydrogen can manifest itself in various forms which depend on a multitude of parameters:
material (state, composition, microstructure ...);
surrounding environment (gas, aqueous environment, temperature ...);
mechanical stress conditions (static, dynamic, cyclic ...).
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Reason is the madness of the strongest. The reason for the less strong it is madness.
[Eugène Ionesco]
http://www.editions-harmattan.fr/index. ... te&no=4132
[Eugène Ionesco]
http://www.editions-harmattan.fr/index. ... te&no=4132
- Obamot
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In Switzerland the numbers come out ...
Nuclear is not profitable ...
Nuclear no longer covers the amortization of investments:
Hence a great danger for the safety of power plants!
Ironically, the oil war turns against nuclear power and is profitable for renewable energies, since investments are directed towards them!
Source. RTS >>>
Nuclear is not profitable ...
Nuclear no longer covers the amortization of investments:
Hence a great danger for the safety of power plants!
Ironically, the oil war turns against nuclear power and is profitable for renewable energies, since investments are directed towards them!
Source. RTS >>>
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Is not or would not be (the article you are quoting uses the conditional).
So pay attention to this "sale" price that you display: it is the selling price per MWh for professionals therefore large consumption (ie 30 to 40 € / Mwh) ... How much do you pay in the end in Switzerland as that particular?
In France it is 0.13-0.14 € / kWh (depending on the type of subscription) or 130 to 140 € per MWh "all inclusive" ... so it is still "profitable" ...
After I already saw a quotation of the MWh lower than 10 € (that is less than 1 cts the kWh) on Powernext !! It was January 1st ...
So pay attention to this "sale" price that you display: it is the selling price per MWh for professionals therefore large consumption (ie 30 to 40 € / Mwh) ... How much do you pay in the end in Switzerland as that particular?
In France it is 0.13-0.14 € / kWh (depending on the type of subscription) or 130 to 140 € per MWh "all inclusive" ... so it is still "profitable" ...
After I already saw a quotation of the MWh lower than 10 € (that is less than 1 cts the kWh) on Powernext !! It was January 1st ...
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It is profitable if the producer sells directly to the individual.Christophe wrote:In France it is 0.13-0.14 € / kWh (depending on the type of subscription) or 130 to 140 € per MWh "all inclusive" ... so it is still "profitable" ...
If the producer sells to a distributor at 40 € / MWh and the distributor sells to the individual at 130 € / MWh, the margin is not for the producer.
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- Obamot
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It is the selling price at the "industrial rate" that must be shown! Since it is almost the "gross plant" price with a small margin!
Because if we compare with oil, the difference between the price of a barrel VS the price at the pump is "the costs": the cost of the "service" (refining, distribution, pump maintenance, resale margin, account management etc + taxes) which is taken into account whatever the mode of production used, for electricity production: hydroelectricity, gas or coal power station, nuke, and further renewable energy, etc ... these "infrastructure costs" / distribution / line maintenance and management "are - more or less - the same for each mode (except taxes).
What therefore stands out is that the price "basic industrial economic"is no longer profitable, that's why this figure is interesting.
It is a figure that is not biased or very little (And IMHO, but I can be wrong).
Moreover, it also allows us to see how the various players in the electricity sector are "sweetened" thanks to nuclear power (hence a good number of lies and stakeholders who come to defend their snack on the forums, to boast for example, the "merits" of electric heating!)
Because if we compare with oil, the difference between the price of a barrel VS the price at the pump is "the costs": the cost of the "service" (refining, distribution, pump maintenance, resale margin, account management etc + taxes) which is taken into account whatever the mode of production used, for electricity production: hydroelectricity, gas or coal power station, nuke, and further renewable energy, etc ... these "infrastructure costs" / distribution / line maintenance and management "are - more or less - the same for each mode (except taxes).
What therefore stands out is that the price "basic industrial economic"is no longer profitable, that's why this figure is interesting.
It is a figure that is not biased or very little (And IMHO, but I can be wrong).
Moreover, it also allows us to see how the various players in the electricity sector are "sweetened" thanks to nuclear power (hence a good number of lies and stakeholders who come to defend their snack on the forums, to boast for example, the "merits" of electric heating!)
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Gaston wrote:If the producer sells to a distributor at 40 € / MWh and the distributor sells to the individual at 130 € / MWh, the margin is not for the producer.
Yes absolutely ... but in the electricity market, producers and distributors are very often "closely" linked ... one being the shareholder of the other and vice versa ... if not directly a subsidiary of the producer.
Example: ERDF is a filliable of EDF (even if it does not charge anything to individuals directly it seems to me)
In France (it is different in other European countries more open to competition) it is EDF which still invoices directly to individuals ...
Am I wrong?
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Obamot wrote:It is the selling price at the "industrial rate" that must be shown! Since it is almost the "gross plant" price with a small margin!
It all depends, as I just said, on who margin until the final consumer ...
To say that it is not profitable for the producer when it is one (or it can be nested) of its subsidiary which margin at 300% to the final consumer, is not very honest!
Afterwards, I agree on the substance: the real cost of nuclear power is not taken into account in relation to waste and dismantling! Just like that of oil vis-à-vis the "future climate cost" ... But it is a vast debate (and by the way that no politician has the right to address!)
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Christophe wrote:In France (it is different in other European countries more open to competition) it is EDF which still invoices directly to individuals ...
In Belgium it's different: local distributors (1 per province roughly speaking) charge for electricity ...
And on the invoices there is the separate price of production and transport.
In my corner the transport is invoiced approximately 0.1 € / kWh HT ... which:
a) is huge ...
b) represents roughly 50% of the total price ...
If you want a copy of an invoice tell me
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