This is just the beginning not certain to confirm and very difficult given the scale of the CERN resources required:
http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Higgs
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Higgs_boson
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Higgs_field
other possibilities without this boson:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Higgsless_model
It will also be the triumph of quantum particle theory, capable of predicting, well before the experiments, lost in all the particles produced at random at CERN during each experiment.
The starting point of the Higgs mechanism is a generalization of that of the superconductors which expel magnetic fields over a penetration length, analogous to the length of range of the interactions fixed by the mass of the exchanged particles (Yukawa).
http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potentiel_de_Yukawa
Ph. Anderson: "Plasmons, gauge invariance and mass." In: Physical Review. 130, 1963, p. 439-442
When you see a superconductor floating above a magnet (shown on A3 last night), you see a mechanism quite similar to that giving mass to all the material from which we are formed.
This is proof that
the whole universe is quantum, like a superconductor, with a Higgs field (somewhat analogous to a magnetic field on the whole universe) which interacts with particles to screen and limit interactions and give mass.
When you drop a big stone on your foot, hurting, you don't realize the complexity of what determines the mass of the stone !!
And still, it remains to explain
why this mass is the same as the gravitational mass, origin of Einstein's theory, which leads to the big bang, but which requires a coherent quantum theory of gravitation, missing.
it is more relevant to name this particle “boson BEH”, for Brout, Englert and Higgs5, or “massive scalar boson” 6 or even “scalar boson of spontaneous symmetry breaking (BSS)” . It makes it possible to explain the breakdown of the unified electroweak interaction into two interactions via the Higgs mechanism. He would also be the quantum of the Higgs field.
Le Higgs boson would give non-zero mass to certain gauge bosons (W bosons and Z bosons) of the electroweak interaction, giving them properties different from those of the electromagnetism boson, the photon.
Gauge symmetries require that the force transmitters (gauge bosons) have zero mass. To get around the problem of the mass of bosons, Salam, Glashow and Weinberg had to invent a mechanism to break the gauge symmetry allowing W ± and Z ° to acquire mass. Such mechanisms had been developed in other contexts by various theorists: Yoshiro Nambu, Jeffrey Goldstone, Sheldon Glashow, Peter Higgs and Philip Anderson. The idea is to postulate the existence of a new field, which we call Higgs field.
The Higgs mechanism is a process by which vector bosons can get a mass. It was proposed in 1964 independently and almost simultaneously by three groups of physicists: François Englert and Robert Brout; [8] by Peter Higgs [9] (inspired by ideas of Philip Anderson [10]); and by Gerald Guralnik, CR Hagen, and Tom Kibble. [11]
The Higgs mechanism is also called the Brout – Englert – Higgs mechanism, or Englert-Brout-Higgs-Guralnik-Hagen-Kibble mechanism, [3] or Anderson – Higgs mechanism. The mechanism was proposed in 1962 by Philip Warren Anderson, [4] who discussed its consequences for particle physics but did not work out an explicit relativistic model.
The mechanism is closely analogous to phenomena previously discovered by Yoichiro Nambu involving the "vacuum structure" of quantum fields in superconductivity.
The Higgs mechanism occurs whenever a charged field has a vacuum expectation value. In the nonrelativistic context, this is the Landau model of a charged Bose-Einstein condensate, also known as a superconductor. In the relativistic condensate, the condensate is a scalar field, and is relativistically invariant.
A superconductor expels all magnetic fields from its interior, a phenomenon known as the Meissner effect. This was mysterious for a long time, because it implies that electromagnetic forces somehow become short-range inside the superconductor. Contrast this with the behavior of an ordinary metal. In a metal, the conductivity shields electric fields by rearranging charges on the surface until the total field cancels in the interior. But magnetic fields can penetrate to any distance, and if a magnetic monopole (an isolated magnetic pole) is surrounded by a metal the field can escape without collimating into a string. In a superconductor, however, electric charges move with no dissipation, and this allows for permanent surface currents, not just surface charges. When magnetic fields are introduced at the boundary of a superconductor, they produce surface currents which exactly neutralize them. The Meissner effect is due to currents in a thin surface layer, whose thickness, the London penetration depth, can be calculated from a simple model (the Ginzburg – Landau theory).
The Higgs field is different from other fields since at low temperature (energy), space "prefers" to be filled with Higgs particles than not to be. The bosons W ± and Z ° interact with this field (unlike the photon), and advance through space as if they were moving in a thick “molasses”. In this way, they acquire an effective mass. At high temperature (energy), the interactions in the Higgs field are such that space is no longer filled with this Higgsian molasses, the W ± and Z ° lose their mass and the symmetry between the W ±, Z ° and the photon is no longer broken, it is restored. It is said to be manifest.
The Higgs field preserves symmetry at high energy and explains the breaking of symmetry at low energy. It is responsible for the mass of electroweak bosons, but also interacts with fermions (quarks and leptons). They thus acquire a mass. The lightest are neutrinos (until recently we believed them to have zero mass), followed by the electron with a mass of 0,511 MeV⋅c-2. At the very top of the scale comes the top quark, which is by far the heaviest elementary particle with its 175 GeV⋅c-2.
The particles (bosons, fermions) acquire mass due to the Higgs field, but why does each particle acquire a different mass, or does it not acquire mass at all as in the case of the photon? Why is the strength of the affinity of particles with the Higgs field, what is called coupling, so different from one particle to another, and therefore how to explain this hierarchy of masses? Today, we do not know the answers to these questions.
Ideas are not lacking. Moreover, even with a possible discovery of the Higgs boson certified in accordance with the canons of scientific rigor, the story will not end next summer. It will be necessary to gauge the beast, to test it. Because on paper, several bosons exist. Some carry an electrical charge, some don't. They can interact with other particles more or less strongly. Some would not even be elementary particles! These "details" are fundamental to continue the path, still unknown, which leads from energies currently probed until those which reigned at the beginnings of the Universe, when everything was only a "soup" of extremely hot elementary particles and agitated.
What physical laws govern these energy domains that the LHC is just beginning to probe? This is the quest of which the boson is only the first step. Depending on the 2012 results, choices will be made, in international consultation, to know what type of accelerator-microscope will be necessary: a "ram" with protons to explore ever higher energies, or a very fine scalpel with electrons, to best describe what is already happening at the energy scales of the LHC? It is the financing and the location of this research which will then perhaps be a problem.
Obamot takes out false comments:
the first is not Lemaitre:
the big-bang theory launched for the first time by Georges Lemaître a Belgian Catholic chanoie
It was Einstein, who wrote the great equations describing this possibility, equations that The Master would never have imagined without Einstein, and who without info on the universe in 1911, thought it was stable and, added a constant just to block its expansion.
Then it was Alexandre Friedmann who proposed it in 1922, five years before Lemaître.
http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_BangThe general concept of the Big Bang, that the Universe is expanding and has been denser and warmer in the past, must no doubt be attributed to the Russian Alexandre Friedmann, who proposed it in 1922, five years before Lemaître .
In addition the big bang and the Higgs boson, do not have much to do directly, the big bang being modified at its very beginning, less than the second by all the interactions existing in the universe, including the Higgs boson .
If you want to understand, read carefully the many links in my links and take the time to understand, but it is not a question of belief at all, but of immense work, which still has a lot to do to discover the real one. reality of our universe, unimaginable by beliefs, but only with enormous experiences.Do you believe it?
it's not belief at all, but the enormous work of a very large number of researchers, seeking hidden clues in the vastness of very difficult experimental facts, associating theories and complex experiments.
.Any dream of obamot or anyone, is certain to be false, as beliefs without the real facts !!
