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Endocrine disruptors, the time of precaution
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July 12, 2011: Endocrine disruptors, the time of precaution (report of the opecst)
* By M. Gilbert BARBIER
on behalf of the Parliamentary Office for the Assessment of Scientific and Technological Choices
* Document notice
* Available in PDF format (2,4 Mbytes)
* All documents on these themes:
o Research, science and technology
o Social and health issues
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Report n ° 765 (2010-2011) of Mr. Gilbert BARBIER, made on behalf of the Parliamentary Office for the evaluation of scientific and technological choices, tabled on July 12, 2011
Available in PDF format (2,4 Mbytes)
* INTRODUCTION
o I. THE HORMONAL SYSTEM AND ITS DISTURBANCE
+ A. FUNCTIONING OF THE HORMONAL SYSTEM AND ENDOCRINE DISTURBERS
# 1. The role of hormones
* a) Definitions
* b) Role of hormones
# 2. Endocrine disruptors
* a) Definition
* b) Mechanisms of action
+ B. SUBSTANCES INDEPENDENT FROM OUR DAILY
# 1. Natural or synthetic hormones
# 2. Anthropogenic substances
o ARE WE SEEING A MULTIPLICATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL DISEASES?
+ C. ENVIRONMENTAL DISEASES?
# 1. The increase in the incidence of hormone-dependent cancers
* a) Prostate cancer
* b) Breast cancer
* c) Ovarian cancer
* d) Thyroid cancer
# 2. Other illnesses
* (1) Obesity
* (2) Neurodegenerative diseases
+ D. HUMAN FERTILITY IN DANGER?
# 1. The hypothesis of testicular dysgenesis syndrome
* a) The formulation of the hypothesis, from McLeod to Skakkebaek and Carlsen
* (1) Impairment of sperm quality
* (2) The spermatic decline
* (3) Testicular cancer
* (4) Cryptorchidism and hypospadias
# 2. Female fertility
* a) Is the age of puberty and menopause changing?
* b) Endometriosis
* c) Polycystic ovary syndrome
+ E. CAUSES OR CORRELATIONS?
# 1. The criteria of causation
* a) The IARC approach
* b) Establishment of causation according to Hill
# 2. The multiplicity of environmental factors
* a) The limits of epidemiology
* b) Multiple influences
* (1) With regard to reproduction
* (2) With regard to cancers
o II. ENDOCRINE DISTURBERS, A REVOLUTION?
+ A. FROM NATURE TO MAN
# 1. Wildlife
* a) The alligators of Lake Apopka
* b) The American eagle and Rachel Carson
* c) The pseudo-hermaphroditism of marine gastropods
* d) The impact on fish
* e) Many other affected species
# 2. Endocrine disruptors in aquatic environments and drinking water?
* a) The presence of hormones
* b) Other endocrine disruptors in water
# 3. Medicines and the environment: a patchwork system
* a) The widespread presence of drugs in the environment
* b) How dangerous is it for humans?
* c) Deficient regulation
# 4. Laboratory studies
* a) The discovery of the effects of bisphenol A
* b) From animal to man
* c) Endocrine disruptors and human reproduction, an area already well documented
# 5. Distilbene (diethylstilbestrol) and chlordecone, two proofs in humans
* a) The "model" of Distilbene
* b) Chlordecone in the West Indies
+ B. THE BIRTH OF THE CONCEPT OF ENDOCRINE DISTURBERS
# 1. The invention of the word at Wingspread in 1991
# 2. A concept under debate
* a) Are endocrine disruptors always harmful?
* b) Endocrine disruptors, a family or products and uses?
+ C. A TOXICOLOGICAL REVOLUTION?
# 1. "Classic" toxicology
* a) Paracelsus and linearity
* b) From lethal doses to admissible daily doses
* c) Philosophical criticism of classical toxicology
# 2. A paradigm shift
* a) Low doses, bioaccumulation and paradoxical effects
* b) Window effect
* c) Cocktail effect
* d) Transgenerational effects
* e) Fetal induction diseases
o III. TIME FOR ACTION: KNOW, PREVENT, PROHIBIT
+ A. KNOW
# 1. Structure the research effort
* a) Research themes
* b) At the French level
* (1) The action plan of the Ministry of Health
* (2) The research program of the Ministry of the Environment
* (3) ANR
* (4) The ELFE cohort
* c) At European level
* d) Significant means but insufficient strategic vision?
# 2. Integration of endocrine disruptors into European legislation
* a) The 1999 Community strategy
* b) 2001, the classification of CMR substances
* c) Renewed and protective European legislation
* (1) Regulation of pesticides
* (2) REACH
* (3) The Water Directive
* (4) The challenge of OECD tests
# 3. Pursue a medium and long term approach
* a) The need for enlargement
* b) The need for political and health monitoring
+ B. PREVENT
# 1. Widespread exposure
* a) General impregnation of the population
* b) The breastfeeding child and woman exposed to Bisphenol A
# 2. Inform consumers, minimize perinatal exposure
* a) Minimize perinatal exposure
* b) Inform and label
# 3. Protect the environment and people
* a) Government plans
* b) Releases of drugs to the environment
+ C. PROHIBIT
# 1. The principles of a reasoned ban
* a) Reason by product and not by family
* b) Reason by exposure and use
* c) Ensure sustainable and safe substitution
# 2. Accelerate the disappearance of certain molecules
* a) Short chain phthalates
* b) Save the objective of prohibiting the presence of PE in products specifically intended for young children and pregnant women
* c) An action to be included in a European framework
* CONCLUSION
* ADOPTION BY THE OFFICE
* APPENDICES
* APPENDIX 2 - REFERENCE LETTER
Endocrine disruptors involved in obesity and diabetes
Endocrine disrupting chemicals would be "an additional explanatory factor" to too rich a diet and increased sedentary lifestyle in the epidemic of obesity and diabetes, shows the RES in a report.
The report entitled ECOD, published on Wednesday March 14 by the Environment Health Network (RES), provides an overview of the scientific data available which highlight the diabetogenic and obesogenic action on the carbohydrate-lipid metabolism of organic pollutants of the endocrine disrupting type (EP). ). "Adipose tissue can no longer be considered as a simple place of storage of caloric reserve, but must also be considered as an organ under hormonal control. As such, it is therefore also likely to be the target of endocrine disruptors", explains Gilles Nalbone, emeritus research director at Inserm and member of RES.
PE, a complementary explanatory factor
Among the endocrine disruptors pointed out in the report are the 1st generation organochlorines which are Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) "because of their great stability and their affinity for adipose tissue". Most of them have been developed for uses such as pesticides, such as DDT, or flame retardants such as PCBs. Although now banned from use, "these molecules are still found in the environment today with their degradation products such as dioxins". Also included are polybrominated flame retardants or perfluorinated (PFOA), used as non-stick, which are also POPs in the process of being banned. The impacts of other PEs are also pointed out, in particular Bisphenol A (BPA) and phthalates, used "on a massive scale" as additives to plastics or ingredients in consumer products, but also pesticides such as certain organophosphates and atrazine.
(...)
Phthalates: a future health crisis?
After BPA, phthalates are today denounced by the Environmental Health Network for their character of endocrine disruptors. Present in many daily products, they permeate the entire population since they are found in food containers, toys, drugs, clothing, cosmetics and certain materials such as PVC. Six of them - out of several hundred substances - were deemed "of more concern" and banned for the manufacture of toys and childcare articles.
Today there are 870 substances likely to be endocrine disruptors interfering, alone or as a cocktail, with the hormonal functioning of living beings. Among them, phthalates * (present in food containers, toys, drugs, clothing, cosmetics, PVC, etc.) are strongly suspected of impairing male reproductive functions. Today, six of them are banned in toys and childcare articles at European level, with however a possible exemption from the European Commission. "The challenge is not to ban the molecules one after the other, it is necessary to have a more global regulation on all endocrine disruptors", however underlined André Cicolella, president of the Health Environment Network during '' a conference at the National Assembly on April 10.
This is in particular what the Democratic American senator John Kerry wants, who, since 2009, introduced a bill to ban these substances in a transversal way in the USA. It states that "to protect the embryo, the fetus and the infant during their most vulnerable stages of development, the parents' bodies must be free of endocrine disruptors before conception, during gestation and during lactation". If in Europe as in the United States we are still very far from such a regulation, scientific evidence of the health impacts of endocrine disruptors is starting to accumulate through several studies, which have been able to demonstrate their effect on the feminization of young boys , male genital defects, and decreased sperm count. In 2011 alone, 48 studies were published, 25 of which established a cause and effect link. And recently, a study in Human Reproduction confirmed that testes from human adults exposed in vitro to these components produce 30% less testosterone than unexposed testes.
(...)
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